1. Kujambula
-Tanthauzo: Kupenta ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga filimu yokutira pogwiritsa ntchito utoto ndi cholinga chophimba pamwamba pa chinthu kuti chitetezedwe ndi kukongola, ndi zina zotero.
-Cholinga: Cholinga cha kujambula sikungokongoletsa zokhazokha, komanso chitetezo komanso, chifukwa chake, kukonza khalidwe lazogulitsa.
1) Chitetezo: Zambiri mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapanga magalimoto ndi mbale zachitsulo, ndipo galimoto ikapangidwa ndi mbale yachitsulo monga chophimba, imakhudzidwa ndi chinyezi kapena mpweya mumlengalenga kuti ipange dzimbiri.Cholinga chachikulu chojambula ndikuteteza chinthucho popewa dzimbiri (dzimbiri).
2) Zokongola: Maonekedwe a galimoto ali ndi mitundu ingapo ya malo ndi mizere monga malo atatu-dimensional, malo athyathyathya, malo opindika, mizere yowongoka, ndi ma curve.Pojambula chinthu chojambula chovuta choterechi, chimasonyeza maonekedwe a mtundu womwe umagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a galimoto ndikuwongolera kukongola kwa galimoto nthawi yomweyo.
3) Kupititsa patsogolo malonda: Pakali pano, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalimoto pamsika, koma pakati pawo, poyerekeza magalimoto okhala ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana ndi ntchito yofanana, mwachitsanzo, yomwe ili ndi utoto wamitundu iwiri ikuwoneka bwino.mtengo ukuwonjezeka monga Mwa njira iyi, ndi chimodzi mwa zolinga kuyesera kukonza mtengo wa mankhwala pojambula.Kuphatikiza apo, kulimba kwa kunja kwa magalimoto kumafunika chifukwa chakusintha kwaposachedwa kwachilengedwe.Mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kwa penti yogwira ntchito yomwe imalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa filimu yophimba chifukwa cha mvula ya asidi komanso kuwonongeka kwa kunyezimira koyambirira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha maburashi ochapira magalimoto okha kukuchulukirachulukira.Kupenta zokha ndi kupenta pamanja zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera zomwe zimafunikira pakuyala.
2. Mapangidwe a utoto: Mapangidwe a utoto Utoto ndi madzi owoneka bwino momwe zigawo zitatu za pigment, resin, ndi zosungunulira zimasakanizidwa mofanana (omwazikana).
- Pigment: Ufa wachikuda womwe susungunuka mu zosungunulira kapena madzi.Kusiyana kwake ndi utoto ndikuti amamwazikana ngati tinthu tating'ono osasungunuka m'madzi kapena zosungunulira.The tinthu kukula ranges kuchokera angapo micrometers angapo makumi angapo micrometers.Kuphatikiza apo, pali mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, monga mawonekedwe ozungulira, mawonekedwe a ndodo, mawonekedwe a singano, ndi mawonekedwe osalala.Ndi ufa (ufa) umene umapereka mtundu (mtundu mphamvu) ndi kubisala mphamvu (kuthekera kuphimba ndi kubisa pamwamba pa chinthu mwa kukhala opaque) kuti ❖ kuyanika filimu, ndipo pali mitundu iwiri: inorganic ndi organic.Pigment), kupukuta, ndi ma extender pigment amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti nthaka imve bwino.Utoto wopanda mtundu komanso wowoneka bwino wotchedwa clear pakati pa utoto, pomwe utoto umachotsedwa pazinthu zomwe zimapanga utotowo,
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apatse filimu yokutira kuti ikhale yowala kwambiri.
1) Ntchito ya pigment
* Mitundu yamitundu: yopatsa mtundu, kubisala mphamvu
pitani.Inorganic pigment: Izi ndi mitundu yachilengedwe monga yoyera, yachikasu, ndi yofiirira.Ndizitsulo zachitsulo monga nthaka, titaniyamu, chitsulo chotsogolera, mkuwa, ndi zina zotero. Kawirikawiri, ali ndi nyengo yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi kutentha komanso kubisala kutentha kubisala, koma ponena za maonekedwe amtundu, iwo sali abwino ngati ma pigment organic.Monga utoto wamagalimoto, mtundu wa pigment wokha sugwiritsidwa ntchito.Kuphatikiza apo, popewa kuwononga chilengedwe, inki yomwe ili ndi zitsulo zolemera monga cadmium ndi chromium sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
inu.Organic pigment: Amapangidwa ndi organic synthesis by periodic chemical reaction, ndipo ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena monga momwe zilili m'chilengedwe.Kawirikawiri, katundu wobisala si wabwino kwambiri, koma popeza mtundu wowoneka bwino umapezeka, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pojambula bwino kwambiri, mtundu wachitsulo, ndi mica ngati utoto wa kunja kwa magalimoto.
* Anti-dzimbiri pigment: kupewa dzimbiri
* Extender Pigment: Filimu yokutira yolimba imatha kupezeka, kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa filimu yokutira ndikuwongolera kulimba.
- Utomoni: Madzi owoneka bwino omwe amalumikiza pigment ndi pigment ndikupatsa gloss, kuuma, ndi kumamatira ku filimu yokutira.Dzina lina limatchedwa binder.Kuyanika katundu ndi kulimba kwa ❖ kuyanika filimu zimadalira kwambiri katundu wa utomoni.
1) Utoto wachilengedwe: Umachokera makamaka ku zomera ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto wopangidwa ndi mafuta, vanishi, ndi lacquer.
2) Synthetic resin: Ndi liwu lachidule la omwe amapangidwa kudzera muzochita zamakemikolo kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala.Ndi organic pawiri ndi lalikulu kwambiri maselo kulemera poyerekeza ndi utomoni zachilengedwe.Kuphatikiza apo, ma resins opangira amagawidwa kukhala ma resins a thermoplastic (amafewetsa ndi kusungunula akatenthedwa) ndi ma thermosetting resins (amawumitsidwa ndi mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha, ndipo samafewetsa ndi kusungunuka ngakhale atatenthedwanso pambuyo pozizira).
- Zosungunulira: Ndimadzi owoneka bwino omwe amasungunula utomoni kuti pigment ndi utomoni zisakanike mosavuta.Pambuyo pojambula, imatuluka ngati chowonda ndipo sichikhala pa filimu yophimba.
Cndi penti
1. Mwachidule ndi Tanthauzo la Paints: Pankhani yopereka 'kupewa dzimbiri (anti- dzimbiri)' ndi 'kukongola katundu', utoto wamagalimoto wathandiza kwambiri kugulitsa magalimoto pogwiritsa ntchito umisiri waposachedwa kwambiri wanthawiyo.M'zinthu zotsatirazi, utoto ndi zokutira zidapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse mikhalidwe iyi mwachuma kwambiri.
Utoto nthawi zambiri umatuluka ndipo umakhala ndi katundu wokutidwa pamwamba pa chinthu chomwe chiyenera kuphimbidwa ndikupanga filimu yopitilira (filimu yophimba) kudzera mu kuyanika ndi kuchiritsa.Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a thupi ndi mankhwala a filimu yokutira yomwe imapangidwa motere, 'kupewa dzimbiri' ndi 'plasty' amaperekedwa ku chinthu choyenera kutikita.
2. Njira yojambula magalimoto: Kuti apeze khalidwe la kuphimba galimoto yomwe ikukhudzidwayo m'njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri, ndondomeko yophimba ndi zophimba zimayikidwa, ndipo khalidwe lililonse lofunika limaperekedwa ku filimu yophimba yomwe imapezeka mu ndondomeko iliyonse.Komanso, popeza makhalidwe ❖ kuyanika filimu zimadalira zabwino ndi zoipa ndondomeko workability, utoto ntchito iliyonse ndondomeko lakonzedwa kuti anapatsidwa ntchito yaikulu akhoza maximized poganizira zinthu ndondomeko.Ntchitoyi imayendetsedwa mosamalitsa mu shopu ya utoto.
Njira yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi makina opaka 3-coat kapena 4-coat coat omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyatira mapanelo akunja agalimoto, ndipo filimu yokutira yomwe imapangidwa munjira iliyonse imawonetsa ntchito zomwe zidzafotokozedwe pambuyo pake ndikukhazikitsa mtundu wa zokutira zamagalimoto ngati zonse. ❖ kuyanika dongosolo.M'magalimoto ndi magalimoto opepuka, pali nthawi zina pomwe njira yopangira malaya awiri pomwe gawo lapakati limasiyidwa pagawo lopaka limagwiritsidwa ntchito.Komanso, m'magalimoto apamwamba, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa khalidwe labwino pogwiritsa ntchito malaya apakati kapena apamwamba kawiri.
Komanso, posachedwapa, njira yochepetsera mtengo wokutira mwa kuphatikiza njira zopaka zapakati ndi zapamwamba zaphunziridwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Njira yochizira pamwamba: Imathandizira kupewa dzimbiri poletsa kuwononga kwachitsulo ndikulimbitsa kumamatira pakati pa undercoat (filimu ya electrodeposition) ndi zinthu (gawo lapansi).Pakalipano, zinki phosphate ndiye chigawo chachikulu cha filimuyi, ndipo njira yochizira yoviika ndiyofala kwambiri kotero kuti imatha kuchitira magawo omwe ali ndi zovuta.Makamaka, chifukwa cha cationic electrodeposition, zitsulo monga Fe, Ni, ndi Mn kupatula Zn zimaphatikizidwa mu zokutira kuti zipititse patsogolo kukana kwa dzimbiri.
- Kupaka kwa Electrodeposition (Cathion type electrodeposition primer): Kupaka pansi kumagawana makamaka ntchito yopewa dzimbiri.Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, utoto wa cationic electrodeposition wozikidwa pa epoxy resin uli ndi zabwino zotsatirazi pakuyika pansi pamagalimoto.① Palibe kutulutsa filimu ya zinc phosphate yopangidwa ndi ma electrodeposition.② Kulepheretsa kukhudzidwa kwa dzimbiri chifukwa cha kukhazikika mu kapangidwe ka utomoni ③ Katundu wabwino kwambiri wotsutsa dzimbiri chifukwa chomamatira chifukwa cha kukana kwamchere kwa epoxy resin.
1) Ubwino wa cationic electrodeposition
* Ngakhale mawonekedwe ovuta angakutidwe ndi makulidwe a filimu yofanana
* Kulowa kwabwino kwamkati m'magawo ovuta komanso olumikizirana.
* Kupenta zokha
* Kukonza kosavuta ndikuwongolera mzere.
* Ntchito yabwino yopenta.
* Makina ochapira madzi otsekera a UF atha kuyikidwa (kutayika pang'ono kwa utoto komanso kuipitsidwa kochepa kwamadzi oyipa)
* Zosungunulira zotsika komanso kuwononga mpweya wochepa.
* Ndi utoto wokhala ndi madzi, ndipo palibe ngozi ya moto.
2) Utoto wa cationic electrodeposition: Nthawi zambiri, ndi utomoni wa polyamino womwe umapezeka powonjezera ma quaternary amines ku epoxy resin.Imasinthidwa ndi asidi (acetic acid) kuti ikhale yosungunuka m'madzi.Kuphatikiza apo, njira yochiritsira ya filimu yokutira ndi mtundu wa urethane crosslinking reaction pogwiritsa ntchito Blocked Isocyanate ngati machiritso.
3) Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya utoto wa electrodeposition: Imafalikira padziko lonse lapansi ngati chovala chapansi pagalimoto, koma kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chikupitilizabe kupititsa patsogolo osati kuwononga dzimbiri kwagalimoto yonse komanso kupaka pulasitala.
* Ntchito yoletsa dzimbiri/chitetezo chosanjikiza
pitani.Kuphimba kwathunthu katundu, kukana kulowa m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, kukana kutsekemera
inu.Anti-dzimbiri sheet sheet aptitude (kumatira kosagwira madzi, kusasunthika)
kuchita.Kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono (Kupititsa patsogolo dzimbiri kukana kwa ziwalo zomata mphira, etc.)
* Ntchito zodzikongoletsera/zokongoletsa
pitani.Kupaka katundu wa chitsulo mbale roughness (zimathandizira kusintha kusalala ndi glossiness, etc.)
inu.Yellow resistance (kuletsa chikasu cha topcoat yoyera)
- Chovala chapakati: Chovala chapakati chimakhala ndi gawo lothandizira kukulitsa ntchito yoletsa dzimbiri ya undercoat (electrodeposition) ndi ntchito yopaka pulasitala ya malaya apamwamba, ndipo imakhala ndi ntchito yokweza utoto wamtundu wonse wa penti.Kuonjezera apo, ndondomeko yophimba yapakatikati ikuthandizira kutsitsa zowonongeka zowonongeka chifukwa zimaphimba zolakwika zosapeŵeka za undercoat (zotupa, kumatira kwafumbi, ndi zina zotero) kumlingo wina mu mzere weniweni wojambula.
Utoto wapakatikati ndi mtundu womwe umagwiritsa ntchito utomoni wa poliyesitala wopanda mafuta ngati utomoni woyambira ndikuchiza poyambitsa melamine resin komanso urethane (Bl) posachedwa.Posachedwapa, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa chipwirikiti, choyambira chopukutira nthawi zina chimakutidwa ndi chonyowa ponyowa pakati pakukonzekera.
1) Kukhalitsa kwa malaya apakati
* Kukana kwamadzi: kutsika pang'ono ndikuchepetsa kupezeka kwa matuza
* Chipping resistance: Imamwa mphamvu yamphamvu ikaponyedwa mwala ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa filimu yopaka yomwe imatsogolera kuphokoso ndikuletsa kuphulika kwa nkhanambo.
* Kukana kwanyengo: Kucheperachepera chifukwa cha cheza cha UV, ndikuchotsa mavuvu akunja kwa malaya apamwamba.
2) Pulata ntchito ya malaya apakatikati
* Katundu wapansi: Imathandizira kusalaza kwakunja komalizidwa ndikuphimba kuuma kwapamwamba kwa zokutira za electrodeposition.
* Kukaniza zosungunulira: Popondereza kutupa ndi kusungunuka kwa malaya apakati pokhudzana ndi zosungunulira za malaya apamwamba, mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri amapezedwa.
* Kusintha kwamtundu: Chovala chapakati nthawi zambiri chimakhala imvi, koma posachedwa ndizotheka kuyika malaya apamwamba okhala ndi zinthu zochepa zobisalira pochikongoletsa (chosindikiza chamitundu).
3) Utoto wapakatikati
* Ubwino wofunikira pa malaya apakati: kukana kukana, kubisala koyambira, kumamatira filimu ya electrodeposition, kusalala, kusataya kuwala, kumamatira kumalaya apamwamba, kukana kuwonongeka kwa kuwala.
- Topcoat: Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya topcoat ndikupereka zodzikongoletsera ndikuziteteza ndikuzisamalira.Pali zinthu zabwino monga mtundu, kusalala kwa pamwamba, kunyezimira, ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi (kuthekera kowunikira bwino chithunzi cha chinthu mufilimu yophimba).Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera koteteza ndikusunga zokometsera zamagalimoto otere kwa nthawi yayitali ndikofunikira pa malaya apamwamba.
- Topcoat: Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya topcoat ndikupereka zodzikongoletsera ndikuziteteza ndikuzisamalira.Pali zinthu zabwino monga mtundu, kusalala kwa pamwamba, kunyezimira, ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi (kuthekera kowunikira bwino chithunzi cha chinthu mufilimu yophimba).Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera koteteza ndikusunga zokometsera zamagalimoto otere kwa nthawi yayitali ndikofunikira pa malaya apamwamba.
1) Chovala chapamwamba: Mitundu imayikidwa molingana ndi maziko a pigment omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa utoto, ndipo amagawidwa kwambiri mumtundu wa mica, mtundu wachitsulo ndi mtundu wolimba kutengera ngati ma flake pigments monga flakes a aluminiyamu ufa amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
* Maonekedwe abwino: kusalala, gloss, kumveka bwino, kumverera kwa nthaka
* Kukhalitsa: kukonza ndi kuteteza gloss, kusintha kwamtundu, kuzimiririka
* Kumatira: Kuphatikizanso kumamatira, kumamatira kwa ma toni 2, kumamatira ndi sing'anga
* Kukana zosungunulira
* Chemical resistance
* Ubwino wogwirira ntchito: kukana kutsuka kwamagalimoto, kukana mvula ya asidi, kukana kukana
2) utoto wokonda zachilengedwe
* High Solid: Iyi ndi penti yolimba kwambiri yomwe imayankha ku VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) malamulo, ndipo ndi mtundu womwe umachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Amadziwika ndi kumveka bwino kwa nthaka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito utomoni wocheperako.
* Mtundu wa Water Bome (utoto wotengera madzi): Uwu ndi utoto womwe umachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi (madzi oyera) ngati chochepetsera utoto.Monga chikhalidwe, malo opangira kutentha (IR_Preheat) omwe amatha kusungunula madzi amafunikira pojambula, kotero kukonzanso malo kumafunika, ndipo sprayer imafunanso njira ya electrode ya utoto wamadzi.
3) utoto wogwira ntchito
* CCS (Complex Crosslinking System, complex crosslinking type paint): Ndi mtundu wa urethane (isocyanate) kapena silane resin momwe mbali ya melamine resin, yomwe imakhala pachiwopsezo cha mvula ya asidi mu acrylic/melamine resin system, imasinthidwa , ndi kukana kwa asidi ndi kukana zokanda bwino.
* NCS (New Crosslinking System, New Crosslinking Type Paint): Utoto wopanda melamine wopangidwa ndi acid-epoxy kuchiritsa pa acrylic resin.Ili ndi kukana kwambiri kwa asidi, kukana zokanda, komanso kukana madontho.
- Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malaya apamwamba: Kuti muthe kupeza chuma chopangika bwino pachovala chapamwamba chomwe mukufuna, kupaka utoto wabwino (atomization, flowability, pinhole, kusalala, etc.) ndikofunikira.Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunika kusintha khalidwe la viscosity mu njira yopangira mafilimu ambiri kuchokera ku kujambula mpaka kuphika ndi kuumitsa.Malo opaka utoto monga kutentha, chinyezi, ndi liwiro la mphepo ya malo opaka utoto ndizinthu zofunikanso.
1) Viscosity ya utomoni: kulemera kwa maselo, kuyanjana (kusungunuka kwa parameter: mtengo wa SP)
2) Pigment: kuyamwa kwamafuta, ndende ya pigment (PWC), kukula kwa tinthu tambiri.
3) Zowonjezera: viscous wothandizila, wowongolera, wochotsa thovu, choletsa kupatukana kwamitundu, etc.
4) Kuchiritsa liwiro: kuchuluka kwa magulu ogwira ntchito mu utomoni woyambira, reactivity of crosslinking agent
Kuonjezera apo, makulidwe a filimu yophimba imakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pakuwoneka komaliza kwa malaya apamwamba.Posachedwapa, mawonekedwe a viscous wothandizira monga microgel amapangitsa kuti athe kukwanitsa kuyenda bwino komanso kusanja, ndipo mawonekedwe omalizidwawo amapangidwa bwino ndi zokutira filimu wandiweyani.
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- Kukaniza kwanyengo kwa zokutira pamwamba: Ngakhale kuti magalimoto amawonekera m'malo osiyanasiyana, chophimba chapamwamba chimalandira kuwala, madzi, mpweya, kutentha, ndi zina zotero. Zotsatira zake, zochitika zingapo zosasangalatsa zimachitika zomwe zimasokoneza kukongola.
1) Zochitika za Optical
* Kuwonongeka kwa gloss: Kusalala kwa pamwamba pa filimu yokutira kumawonongeka, ndipo kufalikira kwa kuwala kochokera pamwamba kumawonjezeka.Mapangidwe a utomoni ndi ofunika, koma palinso zotsatira za pigment.
* Kutuluka: Kamvekedwe ka utoto wa zokutira koyambirira kumasintha malinga ndi kukalamba kwa pigment kapena utomoni mufilimu yokutira.Pazinthu zamagalimoto, pigment yosamva nyengo iyenera kusankhidwa.
2) zochitika zamakina
* Ming'alu: Ming'alu zimachitika mu ❖ kuyanika filimu pamwamba wosanjikiza kapena lonse ❖ kuyanika filimu chifukwa cha kusintha kwa thupi katundu ❖ kuyanika filimu chifukwa cha photooxidation kapena hydrolysis (kuchepa elongation, adhesion, etc.) ndi kupsyinjika mkati.Makamaka, zimakonda kuchitika muzitsulo zomveka bwino zokutira filimu, komanso kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa filimu yophimba filimu yopangidwa ndi acrylic resin ndi kusintha kwa filimu yowonongeka, kugwiritsa ntchito ultraviolet absorber ndi antioxidant. ndi othandiza.
* Peeling: Filimu yophimbayo imachotsedwa pang'ono chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa filimu yophimba kapena kuchepa kwa rheological properties, ndi mphamvu zakunja monga kupukuta kapena kugwedezeka kwa miyala.
3) mankhwala chodabwitsa
* Kuipitsidwa ndi madontho: Ngati mwaye, mitembo ya tizilombo, kapena mvula ya asidi imatira pamwamba pa filimuyo, mbaliyo imakhala yothimbirira ndipo imasanduka mawanga.M`pofunika ntchito zikande zosagwira, alkali kusamva pigment ndi utomoni.Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe malaya omveka bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu wazitsulo ndikuteteza ufa wa aluminiyumu.
- Zovuta zamtsogolo za malaya apamwamba: Kukongola ndi kapangidwe kake kakukulirakulira pakukweza malonda agalimoto.Poyankha kusiyanasiyana kwa zofuna ndi kusintha kwa zinthu monga mapulasitiki, ndikofunikira kuyankha zofuna za anthu monga kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chagalimoto komanso kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya.Pazifukwa izi, ma topcoats osiyanasiyana agalimoto yotsatira akuganiziridwa.
Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane njira zopenta zamagalimoto ndikuwona komwe kutentha ndi kusamutsa kwakukulu ndizofunikira.Kupenta wamba kwa magalimoto ndi motere.
① Kusamala
② Electrodeposition (undercoat)
③ Kupenta kosindikiza
④ Pansi pa zokutira
⑤ kujambula sera
⑥ Anti-Chip Primer
⑦ Koyamba
⑧ Chovala Chapamwamba
⑨ Kuchotsa zolakwika ndi kupukuta
Njira yopangira magalimoto imatenga pafupifupi maola 20, pomwe maola 10, omwe ndi theka, njira yomwe tafotokozayi imatenga pafupifupi maola 10.Zina mwazo, zofunika kwambiri ndi njira zofunika kwambiri ndi pretreatment, electrodeposition coating (coat undercoat), kuyara koyambira, ndi kuyanika pamwamba.Tiyeni tione njira zimenezi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-08-2022
