Mukawona galimoto, chinthu choyamba chimene mumachiwona chingakhale mtundu wa thupi. Masiku ano, kukhala ndi utoto wokongola wonyezimira ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga magalimoto. Koma zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo, kujambula galimoto sinali ntchito yophweka, ndipo inali yocheperapo kuposa mmene ilili masiku ano. Kodi penti yamagalimoto idasinthika bwanji mpaka pano? Surley akuwuzani mbiri ya chitukuko chaukadaulo wopaka utoto wagalimoto.
Masekondi khumi kuti mumvetse mawu onse:
1,Lacqueranachokera ku China, Kumadzulo kunatsogolera pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mafakitale.
2, utoto wachilengedwe umauma pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito opanga magalimoto, DuPont idapanga kuyanika mwachangu.utoto wa nitro.
3, Utsi mfutim'malo maburashi, kupereka zambiri yunifolomu utoto filimu.
4, Kuyambira alkyd mpaka acrylic, kufunafuna kukhalitsa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kukupitirirabe .
5, Kuyambira "kupopera" mpaka "kuviika"ndi kusamba kwa lacquer, kufunafuna kosalekeza kwa mtundu wa utoto kumabwera ku phosphating ndi electrodeposition tsopano.
6, Kusintha ndiutoto wamadzipofuna kuteteza chilengedwe.
7, Tsopano ndi mtsogolomo, ukadaulo wojambula ukuchulukirachulukira kuposa momwe mungaganizire,ngakhale popanda utoto.
Ntchito yaikulu ya utoto ndi yotsutsa kukalamba
Maganizo a anthu ambiri pa ntchito ya utoto ndikupatsa zinthu mitundu yowoneka bwino, koma kuchokera kumakampani opanga mafakitole, mtundu ndi chinthu chofunikira chachiwiri; dzimbiri ndi anti-kukalamba cholinga chachikulu. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a kuphatikizika kwa chitsulo-kuni mpaka ku thupi loyera lachitsulo lamakono, thupi la galimoto limafunikira utoto ngati wosanjikiza wotetezera. Zovuta zomwe utoto uyenera kukumana nazo ndi kutha kwachilengedwe monga dzuwa, mchenga ndi mvula, kuwonongeka kwakuthupi monga kukanda, kupukuta ndi kugundana, kukokoloka monga mchere ndi ndowe za nyama. Pakusinthika kwaukadaulo wojambula, njirayi ikukula pang'onopang'ono ndi zikopa zogwira mtima komanso zolimba komanso zokongola kuti thupi lizitha kuthana ndi zovuta izi.
Lacquer wochokera ku China
Lacquer ili ndi mbiri yayitali kwambiri ndipo, mwamanyazi, malo otsogola muukadaulo wa lacquer anali wa China pamaso pa Industrial Revolution. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa lacquer kunayambira nthawi ya Neolithic, ndipo pambuyo pa nthawi ya Warring States, amisiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a tung otengedwa ku mbewu za mtengo wa tung ndikuwonjezera lacquer yaiwisi yachilengedwe kuti apange chisakanizo cha utoto, ngakhale kuti pa nthawiyo lacquer anali. chinthu chapamwamba kwa olemekezeka. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang anayamba kukhazikitsa makampani opangira lacquer aboma, ndipo luso la utoto linakula mofulumira. Ntchito yoyamba yaku China paukadaulo wa utoto, "Buku Lopenta", idapangidwa ndi Huang Cheng, wopanga lacquer mu Ming Dynasty. Chifukwa cha chitukuko chaukadaulo komanso malonda amkati ndi akunja, zida za lacquerware zidapanga makina okhwima opangira ntchito zamanja mu Ming Dynasty.
Utoto wapamwamba kwambiri wamafuta a tung a Ming Dynasty unali chinsinsi chopangira zombo. Katswiri wina wa ku Spain wa m’zaka za m’ma 1500, Mendoza, ananena mu “Mbiri ya Ufumu Waukulu wa China” kuti zombo za ku China zokhala ndi mafuta a tung zinali ndi moyo kuŵirikiza nthaŵi ya moyo wa zombo za ku Ulaya.
Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, ku Ulaya kunasokoneza kwambiri luso la penti ya mafuta a tung, ndipo malonda a penti ku Ulaya anayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Mafuta opangira tung, kuphatikiza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga lacquer, analinso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale ena, omwe adalamulidwa ndi China, ndipo adakhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pakusinthira mafakitale mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, pomwe mitengo ya tung idabzalidwa. ku North ndi South America kudayamba, zomwe zidasokoneza ulamuliro wa China pazakudya.
Kuyanika sikutenganso masiku 50
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, magalimoto anali kupangidwabe pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wachilengedwe monga mafuta a linseed ngati chomangira.
Ngakhale Ford, yomwe idayambitsa mzere wopanga magalimoto, idangogwiritsa ntchito utoto wakuda waku Japan wokhawokha mpaka mopitilira muyeso kuti ikwaniritse liwiro la kupanga chifukwa imauma mwachangu, koma ikadali utoto wazinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo utoto wosanjikiza ukadali. imafunika kupitilira sabata kuti iume.
M'zaka za m'ma 1920, DuPont anagwira ntchito yowuma mofulumira utoto wa nitrocellulose (panti ya nitrocellulose) yomwe inapangitsa opanga magalimoto kumwetulira, osafunikiranso kugwira ntchito pamagalimoto okhala ndi penti yayitali.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1921, DuPont anali kale mtsogoleri pakupanga mafilimu a nitrate, pamene adatembenukira ku mankhwala osaphulika a nitrocellulose kuti atenge mphamvu zazikulu zomwe adamanga panthawi ya nkhondo. Lachisanu masana kotentha mu Julayi 1921, wogwira ntchito pafakitale yamafilimu ku DuPont anasiya mbiya ya thonje ya nitrate padoko asanachoke kuntchito. Pamene anatsegulanso Lolemba m’maŵa, anapeza kuti chidebecho chasanduka madzi owala, owoneka bwino amene pambuyo pake anadzakhala maziko a utoto wa nitrocellulose. Mu 1924, DuPont inapanga utoto wa nitrocellulose wa DUCO, pogwiritsa ntchito nitrocellulose monga zopangira zazikulu ndikuwonjezera utomoni, mapulasitiki, zosungunulira ndi zowonda kuti asakanize. Ubwino waukulu wa utoto wa nitrocellulose ndikuti umauma mwachangu, poyerekeza ndi utoto wachilengedwe womwe umatenga sabata kapena masabata kuti uume, utoto wa nitrocellulose umangotenga maola a 2 kuti uume, ndikuwonjezera kwambiri liwiro la kujambula. mu 1924, pafupifupi mizere yonse yopanga ya General Motors idagwiritsa ntchito utoto wa nitrocellulose wa Duco.
Mwachilengedwe, utoto wa nitrocellulose uli ndi zovuta zake. Ngati atayidwa pamalo achinyezi, filimuyo imasanduka yoyera mosavuta ndikutaya kuwala kwake. Utoto wopangidwa ndi utoto sukhala ndi dzimbiri zosakanizidwa ndi zosungunulira za petroleum, monga mafuta, zomwe zimatha kuwononga utoto, ndipo mpweya wamafuta womwe umatuluka panthawi yothira mafuta ukhoza kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa penti yozungulira.
Kusintha maburashi ndi mfuti zopopera kuti muthetse utoto wosafanana
Kuwonjezera pa maonekedwe a utoto wokha, njira yojambula ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yolimba ya utoto. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti zopopera kunali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yaukadaulo wojambula. Mfuti yopopera idayambitsidwa kwathunthu m'munda wopenta wa mafakitale mu 1923 komanso mumakampani amagalimoto mu 1924.
Banja la DeVilbiss motero linayambitsa DeVilbiss, kampani yotchuka padziko lonse yomwe imagwira ntchito zamakono za atomization. Pambuyo pake, mwana wamwamuna wa Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, anabadwa. Mwana wa Dr. Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, adatengera zomwe abambo ake adapanga kuposa zachipatala. DeVilbiss adatenga zomwe abambo ake adapanga kupitilira zachipatala ndikusintha atomizer yoyambirira kukhala mfuti yopopera kuti agwiritse ntchito utoto.
Pankhani ya penti ya mafakitale, maburashi akutha ntchito mwachangu ndi mfuti zopopera. deVilbiss wakhala akugwira ntchito m'munda wa atomization kwa zaka zoposa 100 ndipo tsopano ndi mtsogoleri m'munda wa mfuti zopopera mafakitale ndi ma atomizer azachipatala.
Kuchokera ku alkyd kupita ku acrylic, yolimba komanso yamphamvu
M'zaka za m'ma 1930, utoto wa alkyd resin enamel, wotchedwa alkyd enamel paint, unayambitsidwa muzojambula zamagalimoto. Zitsulo za thupi la galimoto zidapopedwa ndi utoto wamtunduwu ndiyeno zowumitsidwa mu uvuni kuti zipange filimu ya utoto yolimba kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi utoto wa nitrocellulose, utoto wa alkyd enamel umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu, umangofunika masitepe awiri mpaka 3 poyerekeza ndi masitepe atatu mpaka 4 a utoto wa nitrocellulose. Utoto wa enamel sikuti umangouma mwachangu, komanso umalimbana ndi zosungunulira monga mafuta.
Kuipa kwa ma alkyd enamels, komabe, ndikuti amawopa kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo kuwala kwa dzuwa filimu ya utoto imapangidwa ndi oxidized pamlingo wofulumira ndipo mtunduwo udzatha posachedwapa ndikukhala wosasunthika, nthawi zina ndondomekoyi ikhoza kukhala mkati mwa miyezi ingapo. . Ngakhale kuti ali ndi zovuta zake, ma alkyd resins sanachotsedwe kwathunthu ndipo akadali gawo lofunikira laukadaulo wamakono wokutira. Utoto wa acrylic wa thermoplastic udawonekera m'ma 1940, ndikuwongolera kwambiri kukongoletsa ndi kulimba kwa kumapeto, ndipo mu 1955, General Motors adayamba kujambula magalimoto ndi utomoni watsopano wa acrylic. Rheology ya penti iyi inali yapadera ndipo inkafunika kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa pazinthu zolimba zotsika, motero zimafuna malaya angapo. Khalidwe looneka ngati loipali linali lopindulitsa panthawiyo chifukwa linkalola kuti pakhale zitsulo zachitsulo mu zokutira. Varnish ya acrylic idapoperedwa ndi mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri oyambira, kulola kuti zitsulo zachitsulo zikhazikike pansi kuti zipangike mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndiyeno kukhuthala kumawonjezeka mwachangu kuti zitsulo zachitsulo zikhalepo. Choncho, utoto wazitsulo unabadwa.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nthawiyi idawoneka patsogolo mwadzidzidzi muukadaulo wa utoto wa acrylic ku Europe. Izi zidachokera ku zoletsa zomwe mayiko a European Axis pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe idaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zamankhwala popanga mafakitale, monga nitrocellulose, zopangira zopangira utoto wa nitrocellulose, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zophulika. Ndi chiletso ichi, makampani m'mayikowa anayamba kuganizira luso la utoto wa enamel, kupanga dongosolo la utoto wa acrylic urethane. pamene utoto wa ku Ulaya unaloŵa mu United States mu 1980, makina openta agalimoto aku America anali kutali ndi opikisana nawo a ku Ulaya.
Njira yodzichitira yokha ya phosphating ndi electrophoresis pofunafuna utoto wapamwamba kwambiri
Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inali nthawi yowonjezereka ya zokutira zakuthupi. Panthawiyi ku United States, kuwonjezera pa mayendedwe, magalimoto analinso ndi lingaliro lokweza chikhalidwe cha anthu, kotero eni magalimoto ankafuna kuti magalimoto awo aziwoneka apamwamba, zomwe zinkafuna kuti utoto ukhale wonyezimira komanso wamitundu yokongola kwambiri.
Kuyambira mu 1947, makampani amagalimoto anayamba phosphatize pamwamba zitsulo pamaso penti, monga njira kupititsa patsogolo adhesion ndi dzimbiri kukana kwa utoto. Choyambiracho chinasinthidwanso kuchoka ku sprayer kupita ku dip coating, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziwalo za thupi zimayikidwa mu dziwe la utoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana komanso zokutira kuti zikhale zowonjezereka, kuwonetsetsa kuti malo ovuta kufikako monga ma cavities amatha kupenta. .
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, makampani agalimoto adapeza kuti ngakhale njira yopaka dip idagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo lina la utoto lidzatsukidwabe ndi zosungunulira, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kupewa dzimbiri. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, mu 1957, Ford adagwirizana ndi PPG motsogoleredwa ndi Dr. George Brewer. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Dr. George Brewer, Ford ndi PPG adapanga njira yopangira electrodeposition yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Ford ndiye adakhazikitsa malo ogulitsa utoto woyamba padziko lonse lapansi wa anodic electrophoretic mu 1961. Ukadaulo woyambirira udali wolakwika, komabe, ndipo PPG idayambitsa makina apamwamba kwambiri a cathodic electrophoretic coating system ndi zokutira zofananira mu 1973.
Penta kuti ukhale wokongola kuti uchepetse kuipitsidwa kwa utoto wotengera madzi
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70, kuzindikira za kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi kuteteza chilengedwe komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha vuto la mafuta kunakhudzanso kwambiri makampani opanga utoto. M'zaka za m'ma 80s, mayiko adakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano a volatile organic compound (VOC), omwe adapangitsa kuti utoto wa acrylic uzikhala ndi VOC wambiri komanso kulimba kofooka kosavomerezeka pamsika. Kuphatikiza apo, ogula amayembekezanso kuti utoto wamtundu utha kukhala zaka 5, zomwe zimafunikira kuthana ndi kulimba kwa utoto.
Ndi mawonekedwe a lacquer owonekera ngati chitetezo chotetezera, utoto wamkati wamkati suyenera kukhala wandiweyani monga kale, ndi gawo lochepa kwambiri lokha lomwe likufunika kuti likhale lokongoletsera. Zotulutsa za UV zimaphatikizidwanso ku lacquer wosanjikiza kuti ateteze inki mu kuwonekera kosanjikiza ndi primer, kukulitsa kwambiri moyo wa primer ndi utoto wa utoto.
Njira yojambula poyamba imakhala yokwera mtengo ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi zapamwamba zokha. Komanso, kulimba kwa malaya owoneka bwinowo kunali kocheperako, ndipo posakhalitsa inkasuluka ndipo pamafunika kupentanso. Komabe, m'zaka khumi zotsatira, makampani opanga magalimoto ndi mafakitale opaka utoto adagwira ntchito yopititsa patsogolo luso la zokutira, osati pochepetsa mtengo komanso kupanga mankhwala atsopano omwe adasintha kwambiri moyo wa malaya owoneka bwino.
Ukadaulo wopitilira muyeso wodabwitsa wojambula
M'tsogolo ❖ kuyanika zikuluzikulu kachitidwe chitukuko, anthu ena makampani amakhulupirira kuti palibe utoto luso. Ukadaulo uwu walowa m'miyoyo yathu, ndipo zipolopolo zamasiku onse mpaka zida zapanyumba zagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosapenta. Zipolopolozo zimawonjezera mtundu wofananira wa ufa wachitsulo wa nano-level mu njira yopangira jekeseni, kupanga mwachindunji zipolopolo zokhala ndi mitundu yowala komanso zitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe sizifunikiranso kupenta nkomwe, kuchepetsa kwambiri kuipitsa komwe kumapangidwa ndi kujambula. Mwachilengedwe, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto, monga chepetsa, grille, zipolopolo zamagalasi zowonera kumbuyo, ndi zina zambiri.
Mfundo yofananayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu azitsulo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti m'tsogolomu, zipangizo zachitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kujambula zidzakhala kale ndi chitetezo kapena mtundu wa mtundu pa fakitale. Tekinolojeyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa m'magulu a ndege ndi asilikali, koma akadali kutali kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu wamba, ndipo sizingatheke kupereka mitundu yambiri yamitundu.
Chidule: Kuyambira maburashi kupita ku mfuti kupita ku maloboti, kuchokera ku utoto wachilengedwe kupita ku utoto waukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri, kuyambira pakufuna kuchita bwino mpaka kufunafuna thanzi lachilengedwe, kufunafuna ukadaulo wopenta mumakampani amagalimoto sikunayime, ndipo digiri yaukadaulo ikukulirakulira. Ojambula omwe ankagwira maburashi ndikugwira ntchito m’malo ovuta sangayembekezere kuti utoto wamakono wamagalimoto wapita patsogolo kwambiri ndipo ukupitabe patsogolo. Tsogolo lidzakhala nthawi yokonda zachilengedwe, yanzeru komanso yothandiza.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-20-2022
