Mukawona galimoto, chithunzi chanu choyamba chingakhale mtundu wa thupi. Masiku ano, kukhala ndi utoto wokongola wowala ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga magalimoto. Koma zaka zoposa zana zapitazo, kupaka utoto galimoto sikunali kophweka, ndipo sikunali kokongola kwambiri monga momwe kulili masiku ano. Kodi utoto wa galimoto unasintha bwanji mpaka kufika pamlingo womwe uli nawo masiku ano? Surley akukuuzani mbiri ya chitukuko cha ukadaulo wopaka utoto wa magalimoto.
Masekondi khumi kuti mumvetse bwino mawu onse:
1,LacquerChiyambire ku China, Kumadzulo kunatsogolera pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mafakitale.
2, Utoto wachilengedwe umauma pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a njira zopangira magalimoto, DuPont adapanga njira yowumitsa mwachanguutoto wa nitro.
3, Mfuti zopoperaimalowa m'malo mwa maburashi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utoto ukhale wofanana.
4, Kuchokera ku alkyd kupita ku acrylic, kufunafuna kulimba ndi kusiyanasiyana kukupitirira.
5, Kuyambira "kupopera" mpaka "kuphimba"Ndi kusamba kwa lacquer, kufunafuna kosalekeza mtundu wa utoto kumabwera pa phosphating ndi electrodeposition tsopano.
6, Kulowa m'malo ndiutoto wopangidwa ndi madzipofuna kuteteza chilengedwe.
7, Tsopano ndi mtsogolo, ukadaulo wopaka utoto ukupitirirabe kuganiziridwa,ngakhale popanda utoto.
Ntchito yaikulu ya utoto ndi yoletsa ukalamba
Anthu ambiri amaona kuti ntchito ya utoto ndi kupatsa zinthu mitundu yowala, koma kuchokera ku mafakitale opanga zinthu, utoto kwenikweni ndi chinthu china chofunikira; dzimbiri ndi kuletsa kukalamba ndiye cholinga chachikulu. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a kuphatikiza chitsulo ndi matabwa mpaka thupi loyera lachitsulo la masiku ano, thupi la galimoto limafunika utoto ngati gawo loteteza. Mavuto omwe utoto uyenera kukumana nawo ndi kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe monga dzuwa, mchenga ndi mvula, kuwonongeka kwakuthupi monga kukanda, kukanda ndi kugundana, komanso kukokoloka monga mchere ndi ndowe za nyama. Pakukula kwa ukadaulo wopaka utoto, njirayi ikukula pang'onopang'ono zikopa zogwira mtima komanso zolimba komanso zokongola kuti thupi likwaniritse bwino mavutowa.
Lacquer wochokera ku China
Lacquer ili ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri ndipo, mochititsa manyazi, udindo wotsogola muukadaulo wa lacquer unali wa China isanafike Industrial Revolution. Kugwiritsa ntchito lacquer kunayamba kale mu nthawi ya Neolithic, ndipo pambuyo pa nthawi ya Nkhondo za Mayiko, amisiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a tung ochokera ku mbewu za mtengo wa tung ndipo anawonjezera lacquer yachilengedwe kuti apange utoto wosakaniza, ngakhale kuti panthawiyo lacquer inali chinthu chapamwamba kwa anthu olemekezeka. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang anayamba kukhazikitsa makampani aboma a lacquer, ndipo ukadaulo wa utoto unakula mofulumira. Ntchito yoyamba yaku China paukadaulo wa utoto, "The Book of Painting", inapangidwa ndi Huang Cheng, wopanga lacquer mu Ming Dynasty. Chifukwa cha chitukuko chaukadaulo ndi malonda amkati ndi akunja, lacquer idapanga njira yokhwima yopangira ntchito zamanja mu Ming Dynasty.
Utoto wa mafuta a tung wodziwika bwino kwambiri wa mu ufumu wa Ming unali chinsinsi cha kupanga zombo. Katswiri wa ku Spain wa m'zaka za m'ma 1600, Mendoza, adatchula mu "History of the Greater China Empire" kuti zombo zaku China zomwe zinali ndi mafuta a tung zinali ndi moyo wautali kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa zombo zaku Europe.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1700, Ulaya potsiriza anadziwa bwino ukadaulo wa utoto wa mafuta a tung, ndipo makampani opanga utoto ku Ulaya anayamba kupanga zinthu zatsopano pang'onopang'ono. Mafuta a tung, kupatula kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga lacquer, analinso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale ena, omwe ankagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi China, ndipo anakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale pa kusintha kwa mafakitale awiri mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, pamene mitengo ya tung yomwe inabzalidwa ku North ndi South America inayamba kupanga zinthu zatsopano, zomwe zinaswa ulamuliro wa China pa zinthu zopangira.
Kuumitsa sikutenga masiku 50
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, magalimoto ankapangidwabe pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wachilengedwe monga mafuta a linseed ngati chomangira.
Ngakhale Ford, yomwe idayambitsa kupanga magalimoto, idagwiritsa ntchito utoto wakuda waku Japan wokhawokha kwambiri kuti ipititse patsogolo kupanga chifukwa umauma mwachangu kwambiri, koma pambuyo pake, umakhala utoto wachilengedwe, ndipo utotowo umafunikirabe kupitirira sabata kuti uume.
M'zaka za m'ma 1920, DuPont ankagwira ntchito pa utoto wa nitrocellulose wouma mofulumira (womwe umadziwikanso kuti utoto wa nitrocellulose) womwe unkapangitsa opanga magalimoto kumwetulira, osafunikanso kugwira ntchito pa magalimoto okhala ndi utoto wautali chonchi.
Pofika mu 1921, DuPont anali kale mtsogoleri pakupanga mafilimu oyenda ndi nitrate, chifukwa anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda kuphulika zopangidwa ndi nitrocellulose kuti atenge zinthu zambiri zomwe anamanga panthawi ya nkhondo. Lachisanu masana otentha mu Julayi 1921, wogwira ntchito ku fakitale yopanga mafilimu ya DuPont anasiya mbiya ya thonje la nitrate padoko asanachoke kuntchito. Atatsegulanso Lolemba m'mawa, adapeza kuti chidebecho chinasanduka madzi oyera, okhuthala omwe pambuyo pake adzakhala maziko a utoto wa nitrocellulose. Mu 1924, DuPont adapanga utoto wa DUCO nitrocellulose, pogwiritsa ntchito nitrocellulose ngati chinthu chachikulu chopangira ndikuwonjezera ma resin opangidwa, mapulasitiki, zosungunulira ndi zothina kuti zisakanizidwe. Ubwino waukulu wa utoto wa nitrocellulose ndikuti umauma mwachangu, poyerekeza ndi utoto wachilengedwe womwe umatenga sabata imodzi kapena milungu ingapo kuti uume, utoto wa nitrocellulose umatenga maola awiri okha kuti uume, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri liwiro la utoto. Mu 1924, pafupifupi mizere yonse yopanga ya General Motors idagwiritsa ntchito utoto wa Duco nitrocellulose.
Zachidziwikire, utoto wa nitrocellulose uli ndi zovuta zake. Ngati upakidwa pamalo ozizira, filimuyo imasanduka yoyera mosavuta ndikutaya kuwala kwake. Utoto wopangidwawo suli ndi dzimbiri lolimba ku zinthu zosungunulira mafuta monga mafuta, zomwe zingawononge utotowo, ndipo mpweya wamafuta womwe umatuluka panthawi yothira mafuta ungachedwetse kuwonongeka kwa utoto wozungulira.
Kusintha maburashi ndi mfuti zopopera kuti muthetse utoto wosafanana
Kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe a utoto wokha, njira yojambulira ndi yofunika kwambiri pa mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa pamwamba pa utoto. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti zopopera kunali gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ukadaulo wojambulira. Mfuti yopopera inalowetsedwa mokwanira m'munda wojambulira mafakitale mu 1923 komanso m'makampani opanga magalimoto mu 1924.
Motero banja la DeVilbiss linakhazikitsa DeVilbiss, kampani yotchuka padziko lonse yodziwika bwino pa ukadaulo wa atomu. Pambuyo pake, mwana wa Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, anabadwa. Mwana wa Dr. Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, anatengera luso la abambo ake kupitirira gawo la zamankhwala. DeVilbiss anatengera luso la abambo ake kupitirira gawo la zamankhwala ndipo anasintha atomizer yoyambirira kukhala mfuti yopopera utoto.
Mu ntchito yojambula m'mafakitale, maburashi akutha ntchito mofulumira chifukwa cha mfuti zopopera. DeVilbiss wakhala akugwira ntchito yopangira maatomu kwa zaka zoposa 100 ndipo tsopano ndi mtsogoleri mu ntchito yopangira mfuti zopopera m'mafakitale ndi maatomu a zamankhwala.
Kuyambira alkyd mpaka acrylic, yolimba komanso yolimba
Mu zaka za m'ma 1930, utoto wa enamel wa alkyd resin, womwe umatchedwa utoto wa enamel wa alkyd, unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto wamagalimoto. Ziwalo zachitsulo za thupi la galimoto zinkapopedwa ndi utoto wamtunduwu kenako nkuumitsa mu uvuni kuti apange utoto wolimba kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi utoto wa nitrocellulose, utoto wa enamel wa alkyd umatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu, womwe umafuna masitepe awiri kapena atatu okha poyerekeza ndi masitepe atatu kapena anayi a utoto wa nitrocellulose. Utoto wa enamel sumangouma mwachangu, komanso umalimbana ndi zosungunulira monga mafuta.
Komabe, vuto la ma enamel a alkyd ndilakuti amaopa kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo padzuwa, utotowo umasungunuka mwachangu ndipo mtunduwo umatha msanga ndipo sudzakhala wowala, nthawi zina izi zimatha kuchitika mkati mwa miyezi ingapo yokha. Ngakhale kuti ndi zovuta zake, ma resin a alkyd sanachotsedwe kwathunthu ndipo akadali gawo lofunika kwambiri la ukadaulo wamakono wopaka utoto. Utoto wa acrylic wa thermoplastic unayamba kuonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1940, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kukongoletsa ndi kulimba kwa utotowo kukhale kolimba kwambiri, ndipo mu 1955, General Motors anayamba kupaka utoto wa acrylic watsopano. Kujambula kwa utoto uwu kunali kwapadera ndipo kumafuna kupopera pamlingo wotsika kwambiri, motero kumafuna ma coat angapo. Khalidwe looneka ngati loipali linali labwino panthawiyo chifukwa linkalola kuti ma flakes achitsulo alowe mu utotowo. Varnish ya acrylic inapopera utoto ndi ma viscosity ochepa kwambiri, zomwe zinalola kuti ma flakes achitsulo aphwanyidwe kuti apange gawo lowala, kenako ma viscosity anawonjezeka mofulumira kuti agwire ma flakes achitsulo. Motero, utoto wachitsulo unabadwa.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti nthawi imeneyi idawona kupita patsogolo mwadzidzidzi kwa ukadaulo wa utoto wa acrylic ku Europe. Izi zidachokera ku zoletsa zomwe zidayikidwa ku mayiko a ku Europe pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, zomwe zidaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zamankhwala popanga mafakitale, monga nitrocellulose, chinthu chofunikira pa utoto wa nitrocellulose, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zophulika. Ndi chiletso ichi, makampani m'maiko awa adayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri paukadaulo wa utoto wa enamel, ndikupanga njira yopangira utoto wa acrylic urethane. Pamene utoto waku Europe udalowa mu United States mu 1980, makina opaka utoto wamagalimoto aku America anali kutali ndi otsutsana aku Europe.
Njira yokhayo yopangira phosphating ndi electrophoresis kuti mupeze utoto wapamwamba
Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse zinali nthawi yowonjezereka kwa zophimba thupi. Panthawiyi ku United States, kuwonjezera pa mayendedwe, magalimoto analinso ndi mphamvu yokweza udindo wa anthu, kotero eni magalimoto amafuna kuti magalimoto awo aziwoneka apamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna kuti utotowo uzioneka wowala komanso wokongola kwambiri.
Kuyambira mu 1947, makampani opanga magalimoto anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito phosphatize pamwamba pa chitsulo asanapake utoto, ngati njira yowonjezera kukanikiza ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa utoto. Choyambiracho chinasinthidwanso kuchoka pa kupopera kupita ku kuviika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziwalo za thupi zimaviika mu dziwe la utoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wofanana komanso utotowo ukhale wokwanira, kuonetsetsa kuti malo ovuta kufikako monga mabowo amathanso kupakidwa utoto.
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, makampani oyendetsa magalimoto adapeza kuti ngakhale njira yophikira madzi m'madzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo lina la utoto linkatsukidwabe pambuyo pake ndi zosungunulira, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yopewera dzimbiri. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, mu 1957, Ford adagwirizana ndi PPG motsogozedwa ndi Dr. George Brewer. Motsogozedwa ndi Dr. George Brewer, Ford ndi PPG adapanga njira yophikira ya electrodeposition yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Kenako Ford anakhazikitsa shopu yoyamba padziko lonse yopaka utoto wa electrophoretic mu 1961. Komabe, ukadaulo woyamba unali ndi vuto, ndipo PPG inayambitsa njira yabwino kwambiri yopaka utoto wa cathodic electrophoretic ndi zophimba zofanana nazo mu 1973.
Utoto ukhale wokongola nthawi zonse kuti uchepetse kuipitsa kwa utoto wochokera m'madzi
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 70 mpaka kumapeto, chidziwitso cha kusunga mphamvu ndi kuteteza chilengedwe chomwe chinabwera chifukwa cha vuto la mafuta chinakhudzanso kwambiri makampani opanga utoto. M'zaka za m'ma 80, mayiko adakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano a volatile organic compound (VOC), omwe adapangitsa kuti utoto wa acrylic wokhala ndi VOC yambiri komanso wolimba pang'ono usavomerezedwe pamsika. Kuphatikiza apo, ogula amayembekezeranso kuti utoto wa thupi ukhalepo kwa zaka zosachepera 5, zomwe zimafuna kuthana ndi kulimba kwa utoto.
Ndi lacquer yowonekera bwino ngati lacquer yoteteza, utoto wamkati suyenera kukhala wokhuthala ngati kale, koma lacquer yopyapyala kwambiri ndiyo imafunika kuti ikongoletsedwe. Ma UV absorption amawonjezedwanso ku lacquer kuti ateteze utoto mu lacquer yowonekera bwino ndi primer, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utoto wa primer ndi utoto ukhale wokhalitsa.
Poyamba njira yojambulira imakhala yokwera mtengo ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitundu yapamwamba yokha. Komanso, kulimba kwa utoto wowonekera bwino kunali kochepa, ndipo posakhalitsa unatha ndipo ungafunike kupakidwanso utoto. Komabe, m'zaka khumi zotsatira, makampani opanga magalimoto ndi makampani opanga utoto adagwira ntchito yokonza ukadaulo wopaka utoto, osati pongochepetsa mtengo komanso popanga njira zatsopano zochizira pamwamba zomwe zidasintha kwambiri moyo wa utoto wowonekera.
Ukadaulo wopaka utoto wodabwitsa kwambiri
Popeza tsogolo la chitukuko cha utoto likuchitika, anthu ena mumakampani amakhulupirira kuti ukadaulo wosapaka utoto. Ukadaulo uwu walowa m'miyoyo yathu, ndipo zipolopolo za zipangizo za tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka zapakhomo zagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosapaka utoto. Zipolopolozi zimawonjezera mtundu wofanana wa ufa wachitsulo wa nano-level mu njira yopangira jakisoni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipolopolozo zikhale ndi mitundu yowala komanso kapangidwe kachitsulo, zomwe sizifunikanso kupakidwa utoto konse, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kuipitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa chopaka utoto. Zachidziwikire, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto, monga trim, grille, zipolopolo zagalasi lakumbuyo, ndi zina zotero.
Mfundo yofanana ndi imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo la zitsulo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtsogolomu, zipangizo zachitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kujambula zidzakhala kale ndi gawo loteteza kapena ngakhale gawo la utoto ku fakitale. Ukadaulo uwu ukugwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano m'magawo a ndege ndi asilikali, koma sukupezekabe kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu wamba, ndipo sizingatheke kupereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chidule: Kuyambira pa maburashi mpaka mfuti mpaka maloboti, kuyambira pa utoto wachilengedwe wa zomera mpaka utoto wa mankhwala apamwamba, kuyambira pakufuna kuchita bwino mpaka kufunafuna ubwino mpaka kufunafuna thanzi la chilengedwe, kufunafuna ukadaulo wopaka utoto m'makampani opanga magalimoto sikunayime, ndipo ukadaulo ukukwera kwambiri. Ojambula omwe ankagwira maburashi ndikugwira ntchito m'malo ovuta sangayembekezere kuti utoto wamagalimoto wamakono wapita patsogolo kwambiri ndipo ukupitabe patsogolo. Tsogolo lidzakhala nthawi yosamalira chilengedwe, yanzeru komanso yogwira ntchito bwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-20-2022
